A recent study reviewed results from 45 pooled analyses on the health impacts of ultraprocessed foods (UPFs). Together, these studies include 9.9 million participants. The researchers found direct associations between exposure to UPFs and 32 different health conditions.
While the quality of the evidence from different studies varied, researchers concluded there was convincing evidence that higher intake of UPFs was associated with higher risk for type 2 diabetes, anxiety, and death from cardiovascular disease. Evidence was slightly less convincing (but still highly suggestive) that higher UPF intake was associated with higher risk of, depression, wheezing, obesity and death from any cause. The studies reviewed provided only weak, very low-quality evidence linking UPF intake to LDL-cholesterol levels, metabolic syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
UPFs are generally defined as manufactured products in which most of the ingredients bear little resemblance to natural, whole foods. They typically contain additives like flavors, colors, stabilizers, and emulsifiers and are often high in sodium and/or added sugars. Examples include many packaged snacks, frozen meals, instant soups, carbonated beverages, sweet breakfast cereals, candy, and baked goods.
Whether the health effects associated with UPFs are direct (from what is in the foods) or indirect (because they squeeze out healthier foods from the diet) has yet to be determined. Additionally, we cannot tell if UPF intake increases risk for anxiety and depression or if these conditions lead to increased UPF intake. It is best to limit or avoid UPFs.